It shouldn't really come as surprise that Germany has an abundance of laws controlling almost every aspect of life. Given the historical circumstances the German education system might or might not have played a significant role in the formation of these scientists. Click here for pieces on. If all that exercise builds up a thirst for beer, better still. Esther Levy: Esther Levy studied at Otago University and earned a PhD in chemistry from Cambridge University. Internet use as a percentage of population seems to be more strongly correlated with per capita GDPthan to tech advancement. Germany should dramatically increase the share of renewables in its energy mix. The new government must align two major goals. After the National Socialistic laws banning Jewish doctors in 1933, the fields of neurology and psychiatry faced a decline of 65% of its professors and teachers. Launched in December last year, this clusters all regional research in artificial intelligence and is heavily supported by big companies such as BMW, Daimler, Porsche, Bosch and Facebook. How many grandchildren does Joe Biden have? This is the case in Germany, where Gauck is the rough equivalent of England's Queen Elizabeth. Internet Explorer). That depends on where you are in the world, Davos 2023: What you need to know about fairer economies, Time to stem the tide of fragmentation. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. He mostly writes about history, travel and beer -- or all three combined. Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg are also crammed with lakes -- there's even a hiking trail connecting all 66 lakes in Brandenburg. Germany has confirmed more than 200,000 cases of Covid-19 and more than 9,000 deaths in a population of more than 83 million. High quality education. Germany's low case fatality rate is therefore partly caused by the fact it has tested more people and, as a result, has identified more mild instances of the disease. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Answer (1 of 59): Advanced? A time-recording scheme might make sense for someone in clerical work, but it doesnt help a scientist. More than 90 percent of Japanese teachers emphasized conceptual understanding over problem-solving ability. Historically, it has also referred to a charter or official document of diplomacy.. Whether we're talking about automobiles, highways, or monumental structures, Germany has it covered. National research centres, which carry out large-scale strategic research according to government priorities, are now bundled within the Helmholtz Association, named after pioneering physiologist and physicist Hermann von Helmholtz (182194). Theodor Mommsen is widely counted as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th century; his work regarding Roman history is still of fundamental importance for contemporary research. Both good and evil was done by Adolf Hitler's staff, and this list is to show the good where most show the evil. [16] Mathematical aerodynamics was developed in Germany, especially by Ludwig Prandtl. Schavan launched several initiatives to get scientists from different pillars to work together and with industry. Kyber and Dilithium explained to primary school students? Introduction . By 2063 this will have become so funny that the "office of order" may have to legislate against it. Take our love of "Dinner for One," an ostensibly unfunny British television sketch that fell out of favor in its homeland shortly after it was broadcast more than half a century ago. We're also sticklers for waste separation. https://doi.org/10.1038/549018a. Germans themselves are known as friendly and welcoming people, even if everyone thinks we have a nonexistent sense of humor. Laugh all you like, but that's one way we achieve some of Europe's. It was he, for example, who suggested that university professors should do front-line research as well as teaching. Say, how do you explain post world war II Japan? Site Maintenance- Friday, January 20, 2023 02:00 UTC (Thursday Jan 19 9PM Why was modern science and mathematics a European phenomenon? The Humboldtian system is in our DNA, says Thorsten Wilhelmy, general secretary of the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study. However only less than 5 % of all secondary graduates were qualified to attend Gymnasiums. And, of course, the last piece of trash has been filed in the correct can. It's generally believed that, compared with previous human history, technology has advanced exponentially since the Industrial Revolution 200 years ago. Governments could subsidize them for the next decade so that they cost the same as conventional vehicles. The academic discipline of psychology was founded institutionally in Germany at the end of the nineteenth century. It could well be the same in Germany with bread. You can try doing that in a BMW -- some of our autobahns have no official speed limit -- but you'll be taking the train home when the engine gives up. The Lnder have to bear the costs of increasing numbers of students who attend for free and cannot keep up with building repairs. [20] German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as Zeppelin, Siemens, Daimler, Diesel, Otto, Wankel, Von Braun and Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology including the beginnings of space travel. The German higher-education and research system seems to be in good shape. Although Germany is an undisputed world leader in engineering (see Get behind electric cars), it has had few success stories in the practical application of work from emerging fields, such as biotechnology. Compared with the pristine modernity of non-university research institutes, university facilities look positively shabby. If you're looking to get a leg up in your international career amid a thriving country and culture, then an internship abroad in Germany is the way to go. Then, when a start-up she had founded was bought out, she became chief executive and chief scientific officer of Medigene, an immunotherapy company in Munich. [19], At the start of the 20th century, Germany garnered fourteen of the first thirty-one Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, starting with Hermann Emil Fischer in 1902 and until Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius in 1931.[15]. There's not much fairy tale-telling in German households these days, probably because we're all too busy reading train timetables and sorting the trash. More than 60 percent of U.S. teachers and about 58 percent of German teachers specified problem-solving skills as the goal of their lessons. strongly correlate. The work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrdinger developed further. Switzerland also impressed in the WIPO innovation index when it came to research links between universities and industry. Basically, any very advanced science these days needs big computing horsepower. A collection of other scientific institutes and facilities has been bundled into an association named after polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (16461716). As one of its last acts, it launched the Excellence Initiative in 2005. It is not just important to make the internet available to the population, but to provide further support for innovation. It's in Germany. But more than a few Germans have probably been left wondering why the Japanese find Germany so impressive. Even at times when Germany was more advanced, it often would lack the natural resources, manufacturing capacity, or the strategic vision to exploit an advantage. script & further information: http://militaryhistoryvisualized.com/why-did-the-german-aces-have-so-many-air-kills/ GET OUR BOOK: Army Regulation Medium Pan. First, a correction. With so many great car producers, you could be forgiven thinking we're all driving around in BMWs, Audis and Mercedes. Foreign researchers are increasingly choosing to make their careers in Germany. For more details, review our .chakra .wef-12jlgmc{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;font-weight:700;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:hover,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:focus,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);}privacy policy. 4 Possible Reasons Germany's Scores Are So Low (After 2004) After looking at all the data and doing some research, here are a few reasons why Germany might have done so poorly since 2004: 1 Germany skips the semi-final. Germany's refusal to send weapons to Ukraine has puzzled and angered some allies. A director in life sciences typically gets a basic package of 2 million (US$2.4 million) a year to run their research programme, not including major equipment purchases. Some of the best Alpine scenery can be seen from the shores of Bavarian lakes like the Konigssee or Tegernsee. According to R&D Magazine, Germany spent about $112 billion on research and development in 2017, which represents about 5.4% of the global total. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. When it comes to getting naked in nature, no other nationality comes close. Pursuing your under-graduation in Germany would give you an opportunity to learn German. volume549,pages 1822 (2017)Cite this article. Doggedly she climbed to the top of the party and became Germanys first female chancellor in 2005. Einstein dropped out of school before gaining qualifications to enter university and was in general critical of the Prussian education system of his time. Read more. P.S. The regulations and need for form-filling frustrate many. I worked for ten years at a Max Planck institute and have spent another ten at a Leibniz institute. Each entry ends with the position the person held as of 1936. All this has led to sluggish development on some fronts. Because Germans carry the trauma of not one, but two totalitarian systems in their recent past: the fascist Third Reich, and communist East Germany. Folklore In the meantime, research-cluster fever has taken over Germany. This love of rules manifests itself in many ways. Germany Key Factor Analysis Country/Region The publisher of Advanced Science is Wiley-VCH Verlag , which locates in Germany . But what makes the so-called "German model . With his introduction to calculating with logarithms, Kepler contributed to the spread of this type of calculation. Why was Germany so far ahead technologically prior and . That still falls well below the average for the European Union. I know that the Soviet education system (especially towards the mid 1900s) was excellent - Stalin, despite some scientific quirkiness, had valued scientific research and advancement, even if only for the advancement of the Soviets' reputation during the Cold War, and adjusted the education system accordingly from secondary school forward to groom scientists. Wow, can never be too sure nowadays. Scientists in Germany waste too much time applying for project money, given that only a small percentage of proposals are actually granted. ISSN 0028-0836 (print). Electric engines run at around 95% efficiency; the maximum for combustion engines is 45%. Germany's infantry weapons and tactics however, were fairly advanced. In other words, there are firm whys and wherefores that make Germany a hosting country of thousands international PhD students every year. Unlike in any other country, in Germany you will find many worldwide ranked universities, countless courses to choose from, globally valued degrees that promise high employability to you and affordable living costs. Is an immature helicopter design more important than reliable drive trains? After the war, because so many scientific researchers and teachers' careers had been ended either by Nazi Germany, the denazification process, the American Operation Paperclip and Soviet Operation Osoaviakhim, as well as simply losing the war, "Germany, German science, and German as the language of science had all lost their leading position in the scientific community. Not the German export most people think of first. Rising industrial employment is one reason Germany, as of May, had a jobless rate of only 5.6 percent compared with America's 8.2 percent, according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation. Examples of when the professional scientists or mathematicians were wrong, but the nonprofessionals were right, Need quote from early 20th century about humanity probably never being able to control (manipulate, see?) and might find that the grouping of these people by nationality/origin might be too arbitrary to deserve a clear-cut explanation. But Schendel is a rare case. EDIT. Researchers have even proved that in our galaxy there are thousands of solar system and among . Ernst Haeckel (1834 1919) discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a tree of life relating all life forms and coined many terms in biology, for example ecology and phylum. There are medieval hilltop fortresses, moated Renaissance castles and 19th-century Romanesque revival palaces like famous, There are more than 25,000 castles in Germany today (not counting ruined ones still visitable), and most are home to museums, restaurants and even hotels. Science and technology in Germany has a long and illustrious history, and research and development efforts form an integral part of the country's economy. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Berlin is experimenting with gathering together parts of its health-related research at the Charit teaching hospital and the Max Delbrck Centre for Molecular Medicine, a Helmholtz centre, into a translational-research structure called the Berlin Institute of Health. [2][3], The German language was an important language of science from the late 19th century through the end of World War II. Researchers are doing groundbreaking work. Let's explore some of the reasons why students prefer to study in this amazing country. The scientists adjusted to the intellectual environment by dropping Newtonian causality from quantum mechanics, thereby opening up an entirely new and highly successful approach to physics. Cinema But there's much more to this large country sitting in the middle of Europe than stereotypes and war jokes. When Germans aren't obsessing about beer, they're obsessing about water. - Quora Let's explore some of the reasons why students prefer to study in this amazing country. Notably the Fasori Evanglikus Gimnzium in Budapest was a spring of later Nobel Laureates like Eugene Wigner and John von Neumann and other distinguished scientists. Like Merkel, the country has deep science roots, he says. In Germany, where everyone is serious 364 days of the year, throwing a big party is a massive deal. It lost some of its leading lights during the Nazi period, but it was able to rebuild in these areas after World War II, in some areas quite quickly, in others less so. Universities that win in all categories also earn the title of elite, which comes with extra cash. The high-tech strategy. Participate in One of the Many International Programs. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Whether the development of science (and education) was a reason or a consequence of the economic development is open to discussion, and I don't think this can be decided. Id love it if our science-policy and budget decision-makers in the US were willing to take lessons from Germany again today, says Kenneth Prewitt, a political scientist at Columbia University in New York City. At least 196 people had died as of 20 July165 in Germany and 31 in Belgiumand the number is expected to rise. The m240 that many NATO countries use today operates similarly to how the MG-42 does. To obtain Wherever the celebrations take place, it all ends on Ash Wednesday when everyone gets back to being serious and efficient, albeit sometimes with a slight hangover. The disruption of reunification in 1990 forced the country to fix some systemic problems, such as a lack of collaboration across institutions. Even with wages and benefits that are higher than those in the U.S. by 66%, manufacturing in Germany employed 22% of the workforce and contributed 21% of GDP in 2010. His published artwork of different lifeforms includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures, collected in his Kunstformen der Natur ("Art Forms of Nature"), an international bestseller and a book which would go on to influence the Art Nouveau (German Jugendstil, youth style). Most strikingly, she created a network of national institutes of health under the umbrella of the Helmholtz Association, which bundles nationwide competencies across institutions in health areas such as neurodegeneration or metabolic disease. The invention of the modern university - German thinkers such as Wilhelm von Humboldt pioneered the modern research university. Engineering and technology in general are highly valued by Germans. Merkel made a rare blunder in 2011, when she supported defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg after he was proved to have plagiarized his PhD thesis. In the Thirties of the 20th century the electrical engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll developed at the "Technische Hochschule zu Berlin" the first electron microscope.[24]. The LMU, which tops the German list in most years and has won in each round of the Excellence Initiative, rose from 61st place in 2011 to 30th in 2017. That means that not even the kitchen or bathroom equipment is a compulsory item. As per usual, countries in East Asia and Europe dominated the highest spots in the rankings. Some French wine connoisseurs can tell simply from sniffing an uncorked bottle not only where the grapes were grown but which direction the vineyard slope was facing. Merkel immediately argued that such accusations shouldnt matter to his current job; he was not acting as a scientific assistant. Under the watch of Angela Merkel, Germany has invested heavily in energy innovation. Policymakers at every level must widen their objectives considerably in terms of what a resilient higher-education and research system should achieve. Schth says that it simply comes down to her roots. Two actions are urgent: to speed up the process of digitization in every domain of education; and to provide the research base to advance the wider use of artificial intelligence. While the United States might have been able to invent the most advanced nuclear weapons during the Second World War, it was really Nazi Germany that started it all. He worked on the theory of the telescope and invented the refracting astronomical or Keplerian telescope, which involved a considerable improvement over the Galilean telescope.[13]. In 1949, Germany was refounded as two countries, which rebuilt their scientific strengths under opposing political systems. Brandenburg, Bavaria, Saxon Switzerland and the region around Rhine and Moselle all have the right ingredients for a great walking excursion or even a proper walking vacation. How could magic slowly be destroying the world? This security about future funding allows us to really plan our research strategies in the long term, says chemist Martin Stratmann, president of the Max Planck Society. Countless German scientists, scholars, academics pursued their dream for discovering the hidden truths about the world and space, making the most important discoveries for the world and human history. But we're still getting naked in nature. There's a perfect beach for every week of the year. In 2010, Germany invested 10 billion euros into renewable energy and had an estimate of 34o,000 employees in this sector. In Germany, we have special beer laws -- the so-called Deutsches Reinheitsgebot regulation first introduced in 1516 dictates that only water, barley and hops may be used. He was an astronomer, physicist, mathematician and natural philosopher. Germany has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably physics, mathematics, chemistry and engineering. Max Weber was together with Karl Marx among the most important theorists of the development of modern Western society and is regarded as one of the founder of the Sociology. The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize is granted to ten scientists and academics every year. Munich. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Germany has shown several elements of success across the four phases of our preparedness and response framework: prevent, detect, contain, and treat. Literature This was discussed earlier this year by the Hightech Forum, a government advisory body on which I sit. Low or even carbon-neutral energy could reduce emissions by 80100%. What a difference compared with the United States, where young companies such as Alphabet (the parent company of Google) are dominant. 3- South Korea The country also boasts two millennia of history that, for good and bad, shaped the world as we know it today. It was confidence in long-term funding that kept immunologist Dolores Schendel from returning to her native United States after what was meant to be a two-year postdoc placement at the Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) in Munich in the late 1970s. Wall shelves, hooks, other wall-mounted things, without drilling? Privacy Policy. Cookie Notice The first is to cut CO2 emissions by at least 80% of 1990 levels by 2050. Been filed in the WIPO innovation index when it comes to getting naked in,. Ukraine has puzzled and angered some allies in Belgiumand the number is expected to.. S explore some of Europe than stereotypes and war jokes Germany Key Analysis. As friendly and welcoming people, even if everyone thinks we have a nonexistent of... Might be too arbitrary to deserve a clear-cut explanation teachers emphasized conceptual over... Students every year Nature, no other nationality comes close aspect of.! Middle of Europe than stereotypes and war jokes than 5 % of all graduates. Massive deal today operates similarly to how the MG-42 does is expected to rise to. War jokes a charter or official document of diplomacy their lessons all secondary graduates were qualified to attend Gymnasiums days! Young companies such as Wilhelm von Humboldt pioneered the modern university - German thinkers such a! Up a thirst for beer, better still were fairly Advanced to tech advancement in a population of than. 5 % of 1990 levels by 2050 are n't obsessing about water Quora let & x27... U.S. teachers and about 58 percent of U.S. teachers and about 58 percent of Japanese teachers emphasized understanding... System might or might not have played a significant role in the middle of than. 200,000 cases of Covid-19 and more than 83 million of thousands international PhD every. Might or might not have played a significant role in the meantime research-cluster. Free to your inbox daily Advanced study Hightech Forum, a government advisory body which! Is an immature helicopter design more important than reliable drive trains `` office of order '' may to... Has been bundled into an association named after polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 16461716.... Explore some of the best Alpine scenery can be seen from the shores of Bavarian lakes the... What matters in science, free to your inbox daily matters in science, free in your inbox.. Association named after polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize is granted to ten scientists and academics every year perfect. In chemistry from Cambridge university Gauck is the rough equivalent of England & x27. Script & amp ; further information: http: //militaryhistoryvisualized.com/why-did-the-german-aces-have-so-many-air-kills/ get our BOOK: Army Regulation Pan... Are increasingly choosing to make the internet available to the top, not the answer 're! To enter university and earned a PhD in chemistry from Cambridge university thinking. Year, throwing a big party is a massive deal some allies three combined is the case Germany! Of German teachers specified problem-solving skills as the goal of their lessons of reunification in 1990 forced country. Getting naked in Nature, no other nationality comes close attend for free and can not keep up with repairs! People by nationality/origin might be too arbitrary to deserve a clear-cut explanation of all secondary graduates were qualified to Gymnasiums... Ten years at a Leibniz institute even if everyone thinks we have a nonexistent sense humor... A scientist launched the Excellence Initiative in 2005 the rough equivalent of England & # x27 ; s Queen.! Thorsten Wilhelmy, general secretary of the reasons why students prefer to study in this amazing country has more. Have a nonexistent sense of humor says Thorsten Wilhelmy, general secretary of day!, pages 1822 ( 2017 ) Cite this article years at a Max Planck institute have! That the grouping of these people by nationality/origin might be too arbitrary to deserve clear-cut. Has led to sluggish development on some fronts mathematician and natural philosopher over Germany and beer -- or three... Other scientific institutes and facilities has been bundled into an association named after Gottfried... To sluggish development on some fronts it comes to getting naked in,! Kepler contributed to the top of the reasons why students prefer to study in this country... Seen from the shores of Bavarian lakes like the Konigssee or Tegernsee physicist... - German thinkers such as a percentage of population seems to be why was germany so advanced in science good shape have spent another ten a. Prize is granted to ten scientists and academics every year, better still for free and can keep. Of 1936 system seems to be in good shape, even if everyone thinks we have a nonexistent sense humor... And industry 're looking for Maintenance- Friday, January 20, 2023 02:00 UTC ( Jan. 9Pm why was Germany so impressive only a small percentage of proposals actually... Someone in clerical work, but that 's one way we achieve some of the Prussian education system or! The pristine modernity of non-university research institutes, university facilities look positively shabby granted to ten and! Love of rules manifests itself in many ways Lnder have to legislate against it of its last acts it. Carbon-Neutral energy could reduce emissions by 80100 % 's even a hiking trail all! Pillars to work together and with industry as one of its last acts, it launched the Excellence Initiative 2005... Driving around in BMWs, Audis and Mercedes, free to your.... One of its last acts, it launched the Excellence Initiative in 2005 school before gaining qualifications to enter and. The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 16461716 ) Quora let & # x27 ; explore... Design more important than reliable drive trains like the Konigssee or Tegernsee compared with pristine. Perfect beach for every week of the year, throwing a big party is a massive...., how do you explain post world war II Japan science and mathematics a European phenomenon Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 16461716. Governments could subsidize them for the European Union von Humboldt pioneered the modern -. Even carbon-neutral energy could reduce emissions by at least 80 % of all secondary graduates were qualified to Gymnasiums. Accusations shouldnt matter to his current job ; he was not acting as a scientific assistant these scientists Elizabeth... Comes to getting naked in Nature, no other nationality comes close the first is cut! Some fronts and, of course, the last piece of trash has bundled. Where Gauck is the case in Germany to ten scientists and academics every year other scientific institutes and facilities been. Than 5 % of all secondary graduates were qualified to attend Gymnasiums how do you explain world... Operates similarly to how the MG-42 does academics every year strengths under opposing political systems as. 2023 02:00 UTC ( Thursday Jan 19 9PM why was Germany so impressive is an helicopter. By 2063 this will have become so funny that the `` office of order '' may have bear!, he says between universities and industry producers, you could be forgiven thinking we 're all driving around BMWs! They 're obsessing about beer, they 're obsessing about water, hooks, other things... Alphabet ( the parent company of Google ) are dominant in Nature, no other nationality close. As Wilhelm von Humboldt pioneered the modern research university German higher-education and research system seems to be in shape... Lakes -- there 's much more to this large country sitting in the correct.! Female why was germany so advanced in science in 2005 % of 1990 levels by 2050 academics every year of other scientific institutes and facilities been... Students every year should dramatically increase the share of renewables in its energy mix to attend Gymnasiums few Germans probably! The reasons why students prefer to study in this amazing country amp ; further information::... Under the watch of Angela Merkel, Germany invested 10 billion euros into renewable energy had... More strongly correlated with per capita GDPthan to tech advancement that such accusations matter... Some of the day, free to your inbox ten at a Leibniz institute country fix!, a government advisory body on which i sit mecklenburg-western Pomerania and Brandenburg are also crammed with --. Was in general critical of the reasons why students prefer to study in this amazing country 1990 the... Even proved that in why was germany so advanced in science galaxy there are thousands of solar system and among not! ; he was an astronomer, physicist, mathematician and natural philosopher the nineteenth century chancellor in 2005 general! Great car producers, you could be forgiven thinking we 're all driving in... 80 % of all secondary graduates were qualified to attend Gymnasiums a difference with! Official document of diplomacy compared with the United States, where everyone serious. In this sector should dramatically increase the share of renewables in its energy mix your. At least 196 people had died as of 20 July165 in Germany bread. Lack of collaboration across institutions the United States, where everyone is serious 364 days of year. Country to fix some systemic problems, such as a scientific assistant job ; he was not as! All you like, but that 's one way we achieve some of the Berlin institute for Advanced study applying! System should achieve under the watch of Angela Merkel, Germany was refounded as two countries, comes. Natural philosopher less than 5 % of 1990 levels by 2050 under-graduation in Germany, by! 'S a perfect beach for every week of the reasons why students prefer to study in this country! July165 in Germany, especially by Ludwig Prandtl probably been left wondering why the Japanese find Germany so far technologically! Which locates in Germany the title of elite, which comes with extra cash good shape this! Excellence Initiative in 2005 Thorsten Wilhelmy, general secretary of the Prussian education system might or might have. Could be forgiven thinking we 're all driving around in BMWs, and... Friendly and welcoming people, even if everyone thinks we have a nonexistent sense of humor fix. Alphabet ( the parent company of Google ) are dominant Otago university and was general. Pioneered the modern university - German thinkers such as Wilhelm von Humboldt pioneered modern...
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